excommunicationAn institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it. 
They advanced Luther’s positions against what he saw as abusive practices by preachers selling plenary indulgences, which were certificates that would reduce the temporal punishment for sins committed by the purchaser or their loved ones in purgatory.
Ninety-five ThesesA list of propositions for an academic disputation written by Martin Luther in 1517. Luther’s translation of the Bible into the vernacular made it more accessible to the laity, an event that had a tremendous impact on both the church and German culture. When confronted by the church for his critiques, he refused to renounce his writings and was excommunicated by the pope and deemed an outlaw by the emperor. 
Luther strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God’s punishment for sin could be purchased with money, called indulgences, which he argued in his Ninety-five Theses of 1517. Martin Luther was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk and seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.
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